Amputation demographic assessment at Saiful Anwar hospital: 5 years of study

Background: Loss of limbs occurs due to different causes and has increased in many countries. This has large economic, physical and social impacts. This study investigates the demographics of patients undergoing amputation at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang.Methods: This retrospective study was done from January 2014 to December 2018. The patient demographics included age, sex, organ amputation, etiology and amputation level. A total of 479 patients were studied in the study.Results: The average amputation value was 95.8 per year and varied from 72 to 134. The average age of the subjects was 44 years. Of all patients, 311 were male (64.93) and 168 women (35.07), 236 of amputations (49.27%) were major and 243 (50.73%) were minor.Conclusions: The main cause of amputation is trauma and most often is the amputation of the lower extremity. In trauma patients, the average age is 29 years. This result shows the same characteristic in the cause of amputation as in many other developing countries based on some studies. Trauma is the most common cause of amputation in Malang.

Β-Glucan of candida albicans cell wall extract inhibits salmonella typhimurium colonization by potentiating cellular immunity (cd8 + and cd4 + t cells)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in the drugs used for the treatment of typhoid fever. The immunomodulatory substance β-glucan can be used as an alternative therapy as it potentiates host immunity. The aims of this study are to observe the effect of Candida albicans cell wall (CCW) extract towards host immunity (TCD8+ and TCD4+ cells in spleen, intestinal sIgA) and its capacity to kill Salmonella in the intestine and liver of typhoid fever mice models. METHODS: Typhoid fever mice models were created by infecting mice with S. Typhimurium orally. Mice were divided into four groups: the Non-Infected, Infected, CCW (infected mice treated with 300 µg CCW extract/mouse once a day), and Ciprofloxacin groups (infected mice treated with 15 mg/kg BW ciprofloxacin twice a day). RESULTS: Secretory IgA (sIgA) concentrations of mice in the CCW group remained unchanged. However, their TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells increased substantially compared to those in the Non-Infected group. In the Ciprofloxacin group, sIgA concentrations increased markedly compared to those in the Non-Infected and CCW groups; TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells also increased significantly compared to those in the Infected Group, but not significant compared to those in the CCW group. Colonization of S. Typhimurium in the intestine and liver decreased significantly in the CCW and Ciprofloxacin groups compared to that in the Infected group, with the lowest reduction being found in the Ciprofloxacin group. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of S. Typhimurium colonization by CCW is associated with the increase in TCD4+ and TCD8+ cells.